P‡ ®‡°v‡¨‡‰È ±‡s‡Â±‡âÓ‡¤P‡W‡Ù‡ Ça‡®ˆ BÃ‡í»‡ÊÝX 150 ʇЇìW‡Ù‡á P‡Ùˆ©Êˆ. PˆùÓ‡¤ ËáЇ®‡ÄW‡Ù‡ P‡®‡°v‡ Óˆàʈ¿á‰È ±‡s‡Â ±‡âÓ‡¤P‡ ¯Ê‡Þì| ʇáñ‡á¤ ÍÝÇÝ ÊÝÂP‡Ã‡| Ça‡®ˆ Añ‡Âíñ‡ ʇáÖ‡ñ‡ÌܨÝX¨ˆ, Ö‡ñˆã¤íŸñ‡¤®ˆ¿á ͇ñ‡Ê‡Þ®‡¨‡ Eñ‡¤ÃÝ«‡ì¨‡‰È ¨‡ãǨ‡ gʇáì¯Àáí¨‡ P‡®‡°v‡ ®ÝwWˆ Ÿí¨‡ ¸ÝӈDž ËáЇ®‡ÄW‡Ù‡á ÍÝLjW‡Ù‡®‡á° ñˆÃˆ¨‡á P‡®‡°v‡ ±‡s‡Â±‡âÓ‡¤P‡W‡Ù‡®‡á° Ô¨‡œ±‡wÔ Ê‡áÖˆãేPÝÇ ʇÞwܨÝÈ. P‡®‡°v‡ Ó‡í͈ãે®Ý ±‡Å±‡ía‡¨‡ ©W‡YgÃݨ‡ QpˆÆÇá P‡®‡°v‡& P‡®‡°v‡& CíXÉÐ… ʇáÖÝPˆãà͇ʇ®‡á° ÇbÔ P‡®‡°v‡ ͇¸Ýª¥‡ì ±‡Å±‡ía‡¨‡ ÔÄÓ‡í±‡¨‡Ê‡®‡á° ñˆãàÄÔPˆãqrܨÝÈ.

1874 Ç‰È ±‡ÅP‡oÊݨ‡ Pˆpˆ-‰ÆÇ ‘P‡®ÝìoP‡ PÝʇÂʇÞLj’ ʇááí©®‡ P‡®‡°v‡ ±‡s‡Â ±‡âÓ‡¤P‡W‡ÚWˆ ʇި‡Ä¿ÞÀáñ‡á. D ʈ㨇Æá QpˆÆÇá 1865 Ç‰È ‘Ó‡í| P‡®ÝìoP‡ PÝʇÂʇÞLj’ ÇbÔܨ‡Ã‡á. A¨‡Ã‡‰È 125 ±‡¨‡ÂW‡Ù‡®‡á° AهʇwÔ ¸ˆàÈ ¸ˆàÈ P‡ËW‡Ù‡®‡á° ˨ݦìW‡ÚWˆ ±‡Äa‡ÀáÔ¨‡Ã‡á. ‘P‡®ÝìoP‡ PÝʇ ʇÞLj’Wˆ CíXÉÑ®‡‰È ŸÃˆ¨‡ Ö‡©®ÝÃ‡á ±‡âoW‡Ù‡ ±‡ÅÓݤʇ®ˆ¿á‰È P‡®‡°v‡ P‡ËW‡Ù‡ PÝʇÂʇÞLj¿á®‡á° Ô¨‡œ±‡wÔ¨‡ Eܨˆà͇ʇ®‡á° QpˆÆÇá ËʇÄÔܨÝÈ. ˨ݦìW‡Ù‡á ±‡s‡Â ËЇ¿áÊˆí¨‡á ʇÞñ‡Å ±‡¨‡ÂW‡Ù‡®‡á° K¨‡¨ˆ ¯gÊݨ‡ ÓÝ×ñݼÇábÀáí¨‡ PÝÊÝ»ÝÂÓ‡ ®‡vˆÓ‡¸ˆàPˆí¨‡á AʇÇá ÖˆàÚܨÝÈ. P‡®‡°v‡ PÝʇ»ÝÂÔW‡Ù‡á ¯Ã‡íñ‡Ã‡ÊÝX ®ˆ®‡²v‡áʇ ʇáñˆ¤ ʇáñˆ¤ BÓÝÌ©Ô B®‡í¨‡±‡v‡áʇ PˆÆʇ⠱‡¨‡ÂW‡Úʈ. AʇâW‡Ù‡®‡á° ˨ݦìW‡Ù‡á K© »ÝʇӇãÿ£ì¿á®‡á° ±‡vˆ¨‡áPˆãÙ‡Û¸ˆàP‡á Gí¨‡á QpˆÇ… ʇÂP‡¤±‡wÔܨÝÈ.

QpˆÆÃ‡á ‘P‡®ÝìoP‡ PÝʇÂʇÞLj’ ÇbÔ¨ÝW‡ P‡®‡°v‡¨‡ A®ˆàP‡ ±ÝÅbஇ PÝʇÂW‡Ù‡á ±‡ÅP‡oÊÝXÇȉÆ. ñÝÙˆW‡ÄW‡Ù‡‰Èܨ‡ PÝʇÂʇ®‡á° K© A¨‡Ã‡‰ÈÇáʇ ÓÝÌÇӇ±‡ä|ì ±‡¨‡ÂW‡Ù‡®‡á° BÁáR ʇÞw, ±‡ÄЇRÄÔ ËЇ¿Þ®‡áÓÝÇ AʇâW‡Ù‡®‡á° ʇXàìP‡ÄÔ QpˆÆÇá Añ‡Âíñ‡ ͇Åʇá ʇ×Ô ‘P‡®ÝìoP‡ PÝʇÂʇÞLj’ ¿á®‡á° Ô¨‡œ±‡wÔܨÝÈ. ‘P‡®ÝìoP‡ PÝʇÂʇÞLj’¿á ËЇ¿á Êݲ¤ ¸ˆÃ‡W‡áWˆãÚÓ‡áñ‡¤¨ˆ. ±‡¨‡aˆfਇ, A®‡Ì¿á, pˆàP‡á, ʇáñ‡á¤ A¥‡ìʇ®‡á° PˆãqrÇáʇ QpˆÆÃ‡á ±ÝÅbஇ P‡®‡°v‡ PÝʇÂW‡Ù‡ ŸWˆY Ӈʇ᱇ìP‡Êݨ‡ £ÚʇÚPˆ ¯àwܨÝÈ. QpˆÆÇá ÍÝÓ‡÷ ËЇ¿á¨‡‰È BÓ‡P‡¤ÃÝXܨ‡Ã‡ã AʇÇ PÝÊÝÂÓ‡Q¤ Ë͈àЇÊݨ‡Ü¨‡á.

P‡®ÝìoP‡ PÝʇ ʇÞLj¿á‰È Jí¨‡á ®‡ãÃÝ Ê‡áãÇá ËЇ¿áW‡ÚWˆ Ó‡íŸí˜Ô¨‡ 631 ±‡¨‡ÂW‡Úʈ. JÙˆÛ PÝʇÂʇ®‡á° ÇbÓ‡Æá ¸ˆàPݨ‡á¨‡á JÙˆÛ PÝʇ¨‡ ÆP‡Ò|W‡Ù‡á, P‡®‡°v‡ PÝʇ¨‡ d‡í¨‡Ó‡áÕ. Ӈʇìgn®Ý¨‡ ¨ˆàʇÇá JŸº®ˆ, ¯Ê‡áìÆ Ö‡ê¨‡¿á ¸ˆàP‡á, hÝn®‡ÊÝP‡ÂW‡Ù‡á, ÓÝʇá£W‡Ù‡®‡ã° Pˆãoár ˨ݦìW‡Ù‡‰È ®ˆç£P‡ ÎP‡Ò|¨‡ hÝW‡ê£ BW‡áʇíñˆ ʇÞwܨÝÈ. ¯Ó‡W‡ì¨‡ ʇ|쮈¿á ±‡¨‡Â »ÝW‡W‡Ù‡ã C¨‡Ã‡‰Èʈ. Ó‡ãÁãà쨇¿á, ʇӇíñ‡PÝÆ, a‡í¨ˆãÅਇ¿á ͇ÇñÝRƨ‡ ʇ|쮈¿á ±‡¨‡ÂW‡Ù‡ã C‰Èʈ. ®ÝW‡Ê‡Ê‡áì, PˆàÎÃÝg, P‡áʇÞÇÊÝÂÓ‡, ÆQÒš¾à͇, P‡áʇÞÇ ÊÝȾàQ, Їv‡P‡ÒÇ ¨ˆàʇ, Ӈʇìgn, ʇáá²³®‡ Їv‡P‡ÒÄ, ʇáÖÝÈíW‡Ã‡íW‡, ևĨÝӇÇ Qàñ‡ì®ˆW‡Ù‡á, ËÇã±ÝP‡Ò ±‡íwñ‡ ʈ㨇Çݨ‡ P‡ËW‡Ù‡ ±‡¨‡Â»ÝW‡W‡Ù‡®‡á° QpˆÆÃ‡á ‘P‡®ÝìoP‡ PÝʇÂʇÞLj’¿á‰È BÁáR ʇÞwܨÝÈ. hˆçËᯠ»ÝÇñ‡¨‡ a‡í¨‡ÅÖÝÓ‡®‡ P‡¥ˆ ÖÝW‡ã ¸ˆàÈ ¸ˆàÈ P‡¥Ý»ÝW‡W‡Ù‡®‡ã° C¨‡Ã‡‰È AهʇwÔÇáʇ⨇Äí¨‡ ˨ݦìW‡ÚWˆ ²Å¿áÊÝW‡áñ‡¤¨ˆ. ±‡s‡Â ±‡âÓ‡¤P‡W‡Ù‡‰È ʇ|ì®Ý »ÝW‡QRíñ‡ P‡¥‡®‡ »ÝW‡W‡Ù‡á Öˆbcܨ‡Ãˆ ˨ݦìW‡Ù‡ BÓ‡Q¤ Öˆa‡ácñ‡¤¨ˆ GíŸá¨‡á QpˆÆÇ ËaÝÇ. ¨ˆçʇ»‡Q¤, ¯à£ ËaÝÇ, ¯Ó‡W‡ì ²Åà£, P‡®‡°vݼʇޮ‡Ê‡®‡á° ˨ݦìW‡Ù‡‰È ¸ˆÙ‡Ó‡áʇ⨇Äí¨‡ AʇÇ ʇÂQ¤ñ‡Ì ËPÝÓ‡ÊÝW‡áñ‡¤¨ˆ GíŸ «ˆãàÇOˆ QpˆÆǨÝXñ‡á¤.

‘P‡®ÝìoP‡ PÝʇÂʇÞLj’¿á C®ˆã°í¨‡á ʈçÎЇréÊˆí¨‡Ãˆ 127 ±‡âoW‡Ù‡ ¯Zíoá ¯àwÇáʇ⨇á. Cí¨‡á ˨ݦìW‡ÚWˆ ±‡¨‡Â ËʇÇOˆ, ÊÝÂTÝ®‡ Ëʇá͈ìWˆ ¨ÝÄ ñˆãàÄÓ‡ÇÝW‡áñ‡¤¨ˆ. B¨‡Ãˆ ¯Zíoá AʇLjãàP‡®‡ ±‡¨Ý¥‡ìhÝn®‡ ÖˆbcÓ‡áʇñ‡¤ W‡Ê‡á®‡ Pˆãv‡áʇ⨇Äí¨‡ ˨ݦì¿á »ÝÐÝ ±‡Å»‡áñ‡Ì ËÓݤÇÊÝW‡áñ‡¤¨ˆ Gí¨‡á QpˆÇ… ÖˆàÚÇáʇ⨇Ç‰È A¥‡ì˨ˆ. P‡®‡°v‡ ±‡¨‡W‡ÚWˆ QpˆÆÇá P‡®‡°v‡ A¥‡ìW‡Ù‡‰Æ¨ˆ CíXÉÐ… A¥‡ìW‡Ù‡®‡ã° PˆãqrܨÝÈ. Pˆãà͇Ça‡®ˆ¿á‰È AʇÇá ñÝÚ¨‡ BÓ‡Q¤ ‘P‡®ÝìoP‡ PÝʇÂʇÞLj’ ¿á‰Æã PÝ|Æá ÔW‡áñ‡¤¨ˆ. ˨ݦìW‡Ù‡ ͇Ÿª »‡ívÝÇ ¸ˆÙˆ¿á¸ˆàP‡á GíŸ B¨‡Í‡ì. A®‡áP‡Ã‡~à¿áÊݨ‡á¨‡á.

PˆùÓ‡¤ Ëá͇®‡ÄW‡Ù‡á ÇbÔ¨‡ ÍÝÇÝ ÊÝÂP‡Ã‡|W‡Ù‡‰È¿áã Ó‡íÓ‡¢ñ‡ ÊÝÂP‡Ã‡|©í¨‡ ¼®‡°Êݨ‡ P‡®‡°v‡ ÊÝÂP‡Ã‡| Ça‡®Ý ±‡Ã‡í±‡Ãˆ Gܨ‡á PÝ|áñ‡¤¨ˆ. QpˆÆÇá P‡®‡°v‡ ±‡s‡Â±‡âÓ‡¤P‡ ʇáñ‡á¤ ÍÝÇÝ ÊÝÂP‡Ã‡| Ça‡®ˆ¿á‰È D ŸWˆ¿á ñ‡Ê‡á¾ ËÎЇr ±ÝÅËà|Âñˆ¿á®‡á° ñˆãàÄÔPˆãqrܨÝÈ. QpˆÆÇ ‘P‡®ÝìoP‡ PÝʇÂʇÞLj’ P‡®‡°v‡ ±‡s‡Â±‡âÓ‡¤P‡ Ça‡®Ý ±‡Ã‡í±‡ÃˆWˆ AÔ¤ÊÝÇʇ®‡á° ÖÝQ Pˆãor P‡ê£¿ÞX¨ˆ.