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P‡Ùˆ-¨‡ ʈáà Pˆã®ˆ¿á ÊÝÇ-¨‡‰È AʈáÄP‡¨‡ ʇޫ‡ÂʇáW‡Ù‡‰È -Öˆa‡ác ±‡ÅaÝÇ ±‡vˆ¨‡ vˆà-¯-¿áÇ… Ÿv…ì GíŸ QÄ¿á Ó‡í͈ãà-«‡-P‡-®‡ ÓÝ«‡®ˆ W‡Ê‡á-®ÝÖ‡ì. JípÝ-Ä-Áãਇ ÊÝo-Ã…-Æã--Ë®‡ ±èÅy‡-ÍÝÇÝ Ë¨Ý¦ì vˆà¯-¿áÇ… ¯ñ‡Âʇä P‡Ó‡-ÊÝX ÓÝXÓ‡-Ƴ-v‡á-£¤Ü¨‡ ±ÝÈ-¦à®… bàÆ-W‡Ù‡á, ±ÝÉÔrP… ʇӇá¤W‡-Ù‡®‡á° W‡Ê‡á-¯-Ó‡á--£¤Ü¨‡. Aʇâ-W‡-Ù‡‰È PˆÆ-ʇ®‡á° ±‡â®‡-Ã…-Ó‡íÓ‡R-Ä-Ô ¸ˆàÈãí¨‡á Ç㱇-¨‡‰È ʇÞÇá-P‡-pˆrWˆ ñ‡Ã‡-ÇÝ-W‡á-£¤-ܨ‡á-¨‡®‡ã° ®ˆãàwܨ‡. D ±ÝÈ-¦à®… bàÆ-W‡-Ù‡®‡á° ʇáOˆã¡-Ù‡Wˆ Ö‡ã£-orÈ Aʇâ ʇáOÝ¡W‡Æá ®‡ãÃÝÇá ʇЇì-W‡Ù‡á ¸ˆàPÝ-W‡áñ‡¤¨ˆ GíŸá¨‡ã Bñ‡-¯Wˆ Wˆãñݤ-Àáñ‡á. PˆãÙˆñ‡ ʇá|¡®‡á° ñ‡í¨‡á A¨‡PˆR ÀáàÓ…r ÓˆàÄÔ ±ÝÉÔr-P…A®‡á° ÖÝQ C®‡°Ð‡ãr PˆãÙˆ-¿áÆá ÖÝQ¨‡. ˼®‡° EÐÝ¡í͇-W‡-Ù‡‰È D ±‡ÅÁãà-W‡-ʇ®‡á° ®‡vˆ-Ô-¨‡. ±ÝÉÔrP… ¸ˆàW‡®ˆ PˆãÙˆ-¿áñˆã-v‡-Xñ‡á. C¨‡PˆR PÝÇ-|-Êݨ‡ QàpÝ|á ¿Þʇâ-¨ˆíŸá-¨‡®‡á° ±‡ñˆ¤ Ö‡bc-¨‡. D ±‡ÅÁãàW‡ Aʈá-ÄP‡-¨‡‰È Ó‡áÜ©-¿Þ-Àáñ‡á. D ¯qr-®‡‰È ®‡áÄñ‡ ËhÝn-¯-W‡Ù‡á C®‡°Ð‡ãr Ó‡í͈ãà-«‡-®ˆ-¿á‰È ñˆãv‡-X-ܨÝÈ. ʇááí¨ˆãí¨‡á ©®‡ ±ÝÉÔrP… GíŸá¨‡á PÝW‡-¨‡-¨‡íñˆ P‡Ã‡-W‡áʇ PÝÆ Ÿí¨‡Ã‡ã Aa‡cÄ H¯‰Æ. ±ÝÉÔr-P…Wˆ Ó‡Ö‡-Ó‡Å-ʇޮ‡-W‡Ù‡ C£-ÖÝ-Ó‡-ʈ௉Æ. ±ÝÉÔrP… Ó‡í͈ãે®ˆ-¿ÞX PˆàÊ‡Æ Jí¨‡ã-ʇÈ ͇ñ‡-ʇÞ-®‡-ÊÝX-¨ˆ-¿áЈr !
Æív‡-®…-®‡‰È 1862Ç‰È Aíñ‡Ã‡ÃÝÑóà¿á ʇӇᤠ±‡Å¨‡-͇쮇 Jí¨‡á ®‡vˆ-©ñ‡á¤. A‰È ALj-WÝÕív‡Ã… ±ÝP…Õì Gí¸Ýñ‡ ±‡ÅP‡ê--£-¿á‰È ÖˆàÇ-Ù‡-ÊÝX ÔW‡áʇ Pݸˆãàì-Öˆç-vˆÅàp…, ÓˆÆáÂ-LjãàÓ… AÔ-pˆàp…, ®ˆçpˆÅàp… CÇáʇ ʈáÇá-Wˆ-Oˆ¡-Àáí¨‡ W‡qr-Wˆãíwܨ‡ ʇӇá¤Êˆäí¨‡-®‡á° ±‡Å¨‡-͇ì-®‡-QR-qrܨ‡. A¨Ý-W‡Çˆà g®‡-²Å-¿á-ÊÝXܨ‡ ÇŸº-Ã…-Xíñ‡Æã P‡wʈá Ö‡|-¨‡‰È Aíñ‡-Ö‡¨ˆà W‡á|-Æ-P‡Ò-|-Ë-Çáʇ ʇӇá¤Ê‡®‡á° ñ‡¿Þ-Ä-Ó‡áʇ ALj-WÝÕív‡Ã‡®‡ ±‡Å¿áñ‡° Êˆã¨‡Æ ¸ÝÄWˆ ÖˆãÇ-g-W‡-£¤Wˆ Wˆãñݤ-Àáñ‡á.
ALj-WÝÕív‡Ã… ±ÝP…Õì HPÝ-HQ D ʇӇá¤Ê‡®‡á° P‡ív‡á ×w-©-ܨˆà-®‡‰Æ. ËË«‡ P‡vˆ ¨‡áw¨‡ A®‡á-»‡-ʇ¨‡ ʇáãÆ-P‡Êˆà Dñ‡-¯Wˆ Cíñ‡-Ö‡-ܨˆãí¨‡á Ó‡í͈ãà-«‡®ˆ ®‡vˆ-Ó‡Æá ÓÝ«‡Â-ÊÝ-Xܨ‡á. ŸËáìíWÝÂʇå…-®‡‰È 1813Ç wÓˆíŸÃ… 29Ã‡í¨‡á Ö‡áqr¨‡ ALj-WÝÕív‡Ã… BÃ‡í»‡-¨‡‰È Eñ‡¤Ê‡á ÎP‡Ò-|-ʇ®ˆ°à ±‡vˆ-¨‡®‡á. Dñ‡®‡ ñ‡í¨ˆ ×ñݤ-Ùˆ¿á ¹àW‡-W‡-Ù‡®‡á° ʇÞv‡áʇ ñ‡gn-®Ý--X-ܨ‡®‡á. Dñ‡®‡ Gíoá ʇáP‡R-Ù‡‰È ALj-WÝÕív‡Ã… ®ÝÆR-®ˆà-¿á-ʇ®‡á. ALj-WÝÕív‡Ã… ¸ÝÆ-P‡-®Ý-X-ܨÝ-W‡Çˆà ñ‡í¨ˆ-Áãí©Wˆ ¨‡áw-¿áÆá ñˆãv‡-X-¨‡®‡á. ®‡íñ‡Ã‡ hÝh…ì Aív… Öˆ¯Å P‡í±ˆ-¯-¿á‰È PˆÆ-Ó‡PˆR ÓˆàÄ-¨‡®‡á.
ʇӇá¤-Ë-hÝn-®‡-¨‡‰È ±‡Ä-|£ Öˆãí©Ü¨‡ Dñ‡ ÃÝÓÝ-¿á-¯P‡ ÍÝÓ‡÷-¨‡‰È Eñ‡¤Ê‡á hÝn®‡ ±‡vˆ-©-ܨ‡®‡á. GÈRíW‡r®… ʇÞÂÓ‡®… P‡í±ˆ-¯-¿á‰È GÇP‡ A¥‡ÊÝ Aa‡ác ñˆWˆ-¿ááʇ Ë»Ý-W‡-¨‡‰È Eñ‡¤Ê‡á ÓÝʇ᥇Âì ñˆãàÄ Ê‡Âʇ-Óݧ±‡P‡ Ö‡áܨˆ-Wˆà-Ä-¨‡®‡á. ʇáãÆñ‡@ Ó‡í͈ãà-«‡®Ý ±‡Åʇê-£¤¿á ALj-WÝÕív‡Ã… D G‰ÇÝ Ó‡í¨‡-»‡ì-W‡-Ù‡‰Æã Jí¨‡‰ÇÝ Jí¨‡á Ó‡í͈ãà-«‡®ˆ¿á bíñ‡-®ˆ-¿á-‰È-Çá-£¤-ܨ‡®‡á. ¿ÞÊ‡â¨ˆà ±ÝñˆÅ A¥‡ÊÝ Ê‡Ó‡á¤Ë®‡ ʈáçʈáàLj ˨‡áÂ-©Ì-aˆfà-¨‡®‡ Ë«Ý-®‡-©í¨‡ ¸ˆÚÛ CñÝÂ-© ¯©ìЇr LjãàÖ‡-ʇ®‡á° P‡ÇÝ-ñ‡¾-P‡-ÊÝX Ljà²-Ó‡á-ʇ‰È A¨Ý-W‡Çˆà ALj-WÝÕív‡Ã… ®ˆç±‡â-|Âñˆ Óݘ-Ô-ܨ‡®‡á.
D Ä࣠¨‡Í‡-P‡¨‡ PÝÆ PˆÆÓ‡ ʇÞw-Pˆãíwܨ‡ ALj-WÝÕív‡Ã… 1862Ç‰È Æív‡-®…-®‡‰È ±‡Å¨‡Í‡ì-®‡-QRor ‘±Ý-P…ì-Óˆç-®…’ ʇӇᤠJʈá¾Wˆ g®‡-ʇá-®‡°Oˆ ±‡vˆ-Àáñ‡á. ×àWÝX Dñ‡ 1866Ç‰È Æív‡-®…®‡ ÖÝÂȰ-Ë-P…-®‡‰È ‘±Ý-P…ì-Óˆç-®…’ P‡í±ˆ-¯¿á®‡á° Óݧ²-Ô-¨‡®‡á. BW‡ ÓÝP‡Ð‡ár g®‡-Ÿ-Ù‡Pˆ ¿á‰Èܨ‡ ÇŸºÃ…-Xíñ‡ P‡wÊˆá ¸ˆÇˆ-¿á‰È D ÖˆãÓ‡-ʇӇᤠ‘±ÝÉ-Ôr-P…’ A®‡á° g®‡-ÄWˆ ñ‡Æá-²-Ó‡Æá ALj-WÝÕív‡Ã… ¿á£°Ô B¦ì-P‡-ÊÝX Óˆãàñ‡á Öˆãਇ®‡á. BW‡ ±ÝP…ìӈ箅 P‡í±ˆ¯¿á‰È ʇÞ®ˆàgÃ… BXܨ‡ vˆà¯¿áÇ… ԳDž Gí¸Ýñ‡ ALjWÝÕív‡Ã‡®‡ P‡í±ˆ¯¿á®‡á° SÄà©Ô¨‡! vˆà¯¿áÇ… ԳDž gƯÈãેP‡ ±ÝÉÔrP…¯í¨‡ pˆã²³ ʇáñ‡á¤ ÁãેÄWˆ ӇʇáʇӇ÷ ñ‡¿ÞÄÔ ÇÝ»‡ W‡ÚÔ¨‡. D ®‡ãñ‡®‡ ‘PˆÕ„Lj㮈çp…’ P‡í±ˆ¯ 1874ÇʇÈWˆ ®‡vˆ¨‡á ʇáábc ÖˆãàÀáñ‡á. A¨ˆà ʈàÙˆWˆ CʇğºÃ‡ ñ‡íñ‡ÅhÝn®‡Ê‡®ˆ°à ŸÙ‡ÔPˆãív‡á AʈáÄP‡¨‡‰È Ö‡áqrPˆãív‡ ‘ÖÝÂp… P‡í±ˆ¯’ ¿á͇ÔÌ¿ÞÀáñ‡á. ‘ÖÝÂp… P‡í±ˆ¯’¿áá ÓˆÆáÂÇÝ¿å…x ñ‡¿ÞÄÓ‡áʇ‰È gW‡ñ‡øÔ©œ ±‡vˆÀáñ‡á. ñ‡Ê‡á¾ P‡í±ˆ¯¿á ñ‡íñ‡ÅhÝn®‡Ê‡®‡á° ÖÝÂp… P‡í±ˆ¯ P‡Ü©¨ˆ Gí¨‡á vˆà¯¿áÇ… ԳDž Ö‡ÆÊ‡â ʇЇìW‡Ù‡ PÝÆ ®ÝÂ¿ÞÆ¿á¨‡‰È ÖˆãàÃÝo ®‡vˆÔ Óˆãàñ‡á, B¦ìP‡ Ó‡íP‡Ð‡rPˆR ÔÆáQ ñ‡®‡° 55®ˆà ʇ¿áÔÕWˆà Ó‡ñ‡á¤ Öˆãਇ®‡á.
ñÝ®ˆà P‡ív‡á ×w¨‡ ±ÝÉÔrP… gW‡£¤®Ý¨‡Âíñ‡ g®‡ŸÙ‡PˆWˆ ŸÃ‡á£¤Ü¨‡á¨‡Ã‡ ŸWˆY ñ‡Ê‡á¾ Ÿ¨‡áQ®‡ Pˆã®ˆ¿á ©®‡W‡Ù‡‰È ALjWÝÕív‡Ã…Wˆ Ó‡íñ‡ê²¤ Cñ‡á¤. AЇrljÇÝW‡Çˆà ALjWÝÕív‡Ã… ±ÝP…Õì ֈӇĮ‡‰ÈÁáà Ó‡áʇÞÇá 41 ±ˆàpˆíp…W‡Úܨ‡Ê‡â. G‰ÆÊ‡ä LjãàÖ‡ ËhÝn®‡PˆR Ó‡íŸí˜Ôܨˆãí¨‡á Ë͈àЇ. Æív‡®…®‡ Eñ‡¤Ã‡ »ÝW‡¨‡‰ÈÇáʇ v‡ÈÌa…®‡‰È CÊ‡Ã‡á ¯«‡®‡ÃÝX (29&6&1890) Cí©Wˆ ӇĿÞX 118 ʇЇìW‡ÙÝXʈ. Aí¨‡á AʇÇá Ó‡í͈ãà˜Ô¨‡ ±ÝÉÔrP… C‰Æ¨ˆÁáà CÇáʇ gW‡ñ‡¤®‡á° P‡È³ÔPˆãÙ‡ÛÆã ÓÝ«‡Âˉƨ‡íñ‡Ö‡ Ô§£¿á‰È Cí¨‡á ®ÝËܨˆàʈ. C¨ˆà ALjWÝÕív‡Ã… ±ÝP…Õì Öˆa‡ácWÝÄPˆ.
ÇŸºÃ…Wˆ ±‡¿Þì¿áÊÝX ŸÙ‡PˆWˆ Ÿí¨‡ ‘±ÝÉÔrP…’ Ô§£Óݧ±‡P‡ W‡á| Öˆãí©Ã‡áʇ⨈à A‰Æ¨ˆ C¨‡®‡á° ¿Þʇ⨈à Äࣿá‰È¿áã ŸÙ‡Ó‡ŸÖ‡á¨Ý¨‡íñ‡Ö‡Ü¨‡á. EЇ¡PˆR JÙ‡±‡wÔ ¿Þʇ⨈à BPÝÇ ¯àv‡ŸÖ‡á¨‡á. C¨‡á gÆ Ê‡áñ‡á¤ ñ‡áP‡áR ¯ÃˆãેP‡ P‡ãv‡. ®‡á|á±ÝX¿áã CÇáñ‡¤¨ˆ. P‡¹º|¨‡Ð‡ár W‡qr¿ÞX¿áã CÇáñ‡¤¨ˆ. ±ÝÈË᥈àÇ… ʈ᥇PˆùLjàp… GíŸ ±ÝÉÔrP‡®‡°íñ‡ã P‡êñ‡P‡ Ö‡‰Æá ñ‡¿ÞÄÓ‡Æá P‡ãvÝ ŸÙ‡Ó‡ŸÖ‡á¨‡á. Ëʇޮ‡ ¯Ê‡Þì| ñ‡íñ‡ÅhÝn®‡¨‡‰È ±ÝÉÔrP… ŸÆá ʇááSÂ. ±ÝÉÔrP…®‡ ‘±ÝÈʇÞÃ…’ P‡áoáퟨ‡ ʈáàÆ| Ó‡í͈ãે®ˆ P‡Ùˆ¨ˆãí¨‡á ͇ñ‡Ê‡Þ®‡¨‡‰È ËË«‡ B¿ÞʇáW‡Ù‡®‡á° ±‡vˆ¨‡áPˆãíw¨ˆ.
B¨‡Ãˆ ‘±ÝÉÔrP… P‡Ó‡¨‡ ͇ñÝ¿ááЇ’¨‡ Ӈʇáӈ P‡ãvÝ D ®ˆÆÊ‡®‡á° C¯°‰Æ¨‡íñˆ PÝv‡á£¤¨ˆ. ×àWÝXÁáà ‘±ÝÉÔrP… ŸÙ‡Pˆ P‡wʈá ʇÞw’ GíŸ ±‡ÄӇÇ ±‡Åhˆn¿á Bí¨ˆãàÆ®‡ P‡ãvÝ gW‡£¤®‡ ËË«‡ P‡vˆ P‡ív‡á ŸÃ‡á£¤¨ˆ. D ×®ˆ°Çˆ¿á‰È PˆãÙˆñ‡ ʇá~¡®‡‰È ±ÝÉÔrP‡®‡á° ¸ˆàW‡®ˆ P‡Ã‡XÓ‡áʇ‰È Ó‡áÂvˆãʈã®ÝÓ… ÖÝW‡ã ÔríWˆãàʈã®ÝÓ… QàpÝ|áW‡Ù‡ ±Ýñ‡Åʇ®‡á° £ÚÔPˆãor AʈáÄPݨ‡ QÄ¿á ËhÝn¯ vˆà¯¿áÇ… Ÿv…쮇 ±‡ÅÁãàW‡ÎàÆñˆ A®‡®‡Â. B¨‡Ãˆ ÊÝÓ‡¤Ê‡¨‡‰È C¨ˆÐ‡ár ¿á͇ÔÌ G®‡á°Ê‡â¨‡á Pݨ‡á ®ˆãàv‡¸ˆàQ¨ˆ.