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±‡ÅÓ‡P‡¤ gW‡-£¤-®‡‰È ¿ÞÊ‡â¨ˆà Eñ‡¢Ð‡r ±‡ÅÍ‡Ô¤ CÜ¨‡Ã‡ã A¨‡®‡á° ‘®ˆã¸ˆÇ… ±‡ÅÍ‡-Ô¤’-¿á-íñˆ Gí¨‡á ÖˆãàÈ-Ó‡áÊ‡â¨‡á ÓÝÊ‡Þ®‡Â. ®‡Ê‡á¾ hÝn®‡-²às‡ ±‡ÅÍ‡-Ô¤-¿á®‡á° ÓÝ×-ñ‡ÂPˆR Ó‡íŸí˜-Ô- ‘»Ý-Ã‡-ñ‡¨‡ ®ˆã¸ˆ-Ç…’ G®‡á°-Ê‡â¨‡ã C¨ˆ.

C¨ˆà Äà£ AÊˆá-Ä-PÝ¨‡ ÖˆçÓ‡ãRÆá Ê‡áor¨‡ ‘Cípˆ-Ç…’ ±ÝÅÁãà-iñ‡ B ±‡ÅÍ‡-Ô¤Wˆ P‡ãv‡ ‘gã-¯-¿áÃ… ®ˆã¸ˆ-Ç…’ GíŸ E±Ý˜-¿á®‡á° ŸÙ‡Ó‡-ÇÝ-W‡á-£¤¨ˆ. ÖÝXÜ¨‡Ãˆ D ®ˆã¸ˆÇ… P‡¥ˆ H®‡á ?

P‡Ùˆ-¨ˆãí¨‡á Í‡ñ‡-Ê‡Þ-®‡-¨‡‰È ÆPÝÒíñ‡Ã‡ Ê‡áí©¿á iàÊ‡-ÖÝ¯ Ê‡Þw-Ã‡áÊ‡ ‘Óˆãÿà-o-P‡-’-W‡-Ù‡®‡á° Ó‡íÍˆãà-˜-Ô¨‡ ‘Í‡-ÓÝ÷Ó‡÷ ÊÝÂ±Ý-Ä’ BÇˆøv… ®ˆã¸ˆÇ… ñ‡Ê‡á¾ ÖˆÓ‡-ÄWˆ Aíq¨‡ P‡Ù‡íP‡-Ê‡®‡á° ñˆãvˆ-¨‡á- PˆãÙ‡áÛÊ‡â-¨‡-PÝRX ñÝÊ‡â W‡Ú-Ô¨‡ Ó‡í±‡-£¤®‡ ÍˆàP‡v‡ 94Ã‡Ð‡ár »ÝW‡-Ê‡®‡á° ñ‡Ê‡á¾ iàË-ñ‡¨‡ Pˆã®ˆ-¿á‰È ®ˆã¸ˆÇ… ±‡ÅÍ‡-Ô¤-WÝ-XÁáà ËáàÓ‡-ÈÄÔÜ¨‡Ã‡á !

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CÊ‡Ã‡á ñ‡Ê‡á¾ ¸ÝÆÂ¨‡ PˆÆÊ‡â Ê‡Ð‡ì-W‡-Ù‡®‡á° ñ‡Ê‡á¾ Ö‡áoãrÃ‡á Ê‡áñ‡á¤ Ã‡Ð‡Â¨‡ Óˆàíp… ²àoÓ…ìŸW…ì ®‡W‡-Ã‡-W‡Ù‡‰È P‡Ùˆ-¨‡Ã‡á. CÊ‡Þ®‡áÂ-ÁáÇ… ñ‡Ê‡á¾ Ê‡áW‡-¯Wˆ Ê‡á®ˆ-¿á-‰ÈÁáà Añ‡áÂ-ñ‡¤Ê‡á ÎP‡Ò| Pˆãw-Ô-¨‡Ã‡á. ×àWÝX BÇˆøv… ´ˆÅía…, ÔÌàwÍ…, Ã‡Ð‡Â®…, CíXÉÐ… Ê‡áñ‡á¤ gÊ‡áì®… »ÝÐˆ-W‡-Ù‡‰È ±‡Ä-|£ ÓÝ˜-Ô-¨‡Ã‡á.

B¨‡Ãˆ ¸ÝÆÂ-¨‡‰È CÊ‡-Ä-Wˆ ÓÝ×-ñ‡Â-¨‡‰È JÆËñ‡á¤. ×àWÝX ñ‡Ê‡á¾ ñ‡í¨ˆ¿á Ê‡×-ÊÝ-q-®‡‰È ¯ÃÝ-Ó‡Q¤ ñˆãàÄ-¨‡Ã‡á. CÊ‡Þ-®‡áÂ-ÁáÇ… D PÝÃ‡-|-©í¨‡ ñ‡Ê‡á¾ Ê‡áW‡-®‡®‡á° ±ÝÂÄ-Ó…Wˆ P‡Ù‡á-×Ô A‰È Ã‡ÓÝ-¿á-®‡-ÍÝ-Ó‡÷-¨‡‰È E®‡°ñ‡ ÊÝÂÓ‡íW‡ ®‡vˆ-Ó‡Æá Ê‡ÂÊ‡Óˆ§ Ê‡Þw-¨‡Ã‡á.

ÎP‡Ò| Ê‡ááX-Ô¨‡ BÇˆøv… ÊÝ±‡-ÓÝ¨‡ PˆÆÊˆà Ó‡Ê‡á-¿á-¨‡‰È ñ‡í¨ˆ¿á Ê‡×-ÊÝ-q-®‡‰È »ÝÄ ®‡Ð‡r EípÝX ®ˆã¸ˆÇ… P‡áoáíŸ Ê‡áñˆ¤ Ö‡áoãr-ÄWˆ ÊÝ±‡-ÓÝ-Àáñ‡á. ¿ááÃˆãà±… D P‡áoáíŸ¨‡ PÝ¿áì-PˆÒà-ñ‡Å-ÊÝ-Àáñ‡á. D ®‡v‡áÊˆ BÇˆÿ†v… ñÝÊˆà Ó‡Ìñ‡@ Ó‡íÍˆãà-«‡-®ˆ-¿á‰Èñˆãv‡-X-¨‡Ã‡á.

CÜ©Æá, W‡í«‡P‡ CñÝÂ-©-W‡Ù‡ ËáÍ‡ÅÊÝX-Ã‡áÊ‡
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B ®‡íñ‡Ã‡ CoÈ Ê‡áãÆ¨‡ AÓÝR-¯Áã GíŸá-Ê‡-Ê‡Ã‡á ®ˆçpˆãÅà-XÉ-Ó‡-Ä®… ±‡Ä-OÝ-Ê‡á-PÝÄ Óˆãÿào-P‡-Ê‡®‡á° EñÝ³-©-ÔÜ¨‡Ã‡á. Aíñ‡Ö‡ Ó‡í¨‡-»‡ì-¨‡‰È BÇˆÿ†v… AÊ‡Ã‡á ®ˆçpˆãÅàXÉ-Ó‡-Ä®… W‡qr-Wˆã-Ù‡áÛÊ‡ ±‡ÅQÅ-Áá¿á hÝw-®ˆãí©Wˆ Ó‡íÍˆãà-«‡®ˆ ®‡vˆÔ Añ‡Âíñ‡ ±‡Ä-OÝ-Ê‡á-PÝÄ ‘vˆç-®Ý-Êˆáç-p…’ P‡ív‡á ×w-¨‡Ã‡á.

C¨‡PˆR B PÝÆ¨‡‰È gW‡-£¤-®Ý-¨‡Âíñ‡ ŸÆá ¨ˆãv‡x Ê‡ÞÃ‡á-P‡-pˆrÁáà Ó‡êÑr¿ÞX PˆÆÊˆà Ê‡Ð‡ì-W‡-Ù‡‰È BÇˆÿ†v… ¿ááÃˆãà-±…®‡ ¨ˆãv‡x ÎÅàÊ‡áíñ‡Ã‡ ±‡qr-¿á‰È ÓˆàÄ Öˆãà¨‡Ã‡á. CÊ‡ñ‡á¤ »ÝÃ‡-ñ‡-¨‡‰È ŸÆá-¨ˆãv‡x Ö‡W‡-Ã‡-|¨‡ Pˆàí¨‡Å-ÊÝX-Ã‡áÊ‡ Í‡ÓÝ÷Ó‡÷ SÄà-©Wˆ Ó‡íŸí˜-Ô¨‡ ‘¸ˆãà-´ˆäà-Ó…ì’ Ó‡íÓˆ§ P‡ãv‡ ×í¨ˆ BÇˆÿ†v… ®ˆã¸ˆ-ÆÃ‡
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ñ‡¿Þ-Ä-Ô-¨‡Ã‡á.
A¨ˆà Ó‡í¨‡-»‡ì-¨‡‰È A‰Æ‰È ®‡vˆ-¿áá-£¤Ü¨‡ Ó‡|¡-±‡âor W‡Æ»ˆ, ¿áá¨‡œ-W‡-Ù‡-Çˆ‰ÇÝ Cíñ‡Ö‡ ‘Óˆãÿà-o-P‡-’-W‡Ù‡ ÊÝÂ±‡P‡ ŸÙ‡Pˆ BÃ‡í»‡-ÊÝX ®‡ãÃÝÃ‡á g®‡Ã‡ ÓÝÊ‡â ¯ñ‡Â¨‡ Ó‡áÜ©-¿Þ-Xñ‡á¤. ×àWÝX BX®‡ ¿ááÃˆãà-±…®‡
Ê‡Þ«‡Â-Ê‡á-W‡Ù‡á, Ê‡Þ®‡-Ê‡ñÝ-ÊÝ-©-W‡Ù‡á ®ˆã¸ˆ-Æ-®‡®‡á° ‘ÓÝ-Ê‡â-W‡Ù‡ ÊÝÂ±Ý-Ä’ Gí¨‡á ×à¿Þ-Ú-Ó‡-ñˆã-v‡-X-¨‡Ê‡â. ®ˆã¸ˆ-Æ®‡á ÓÝ¿áá-Ê‡â-¨‡PˆR I¨ÝÃ‡á Ê‡Ð‡ì-W‡Ù‡ Êˆã¨‡Çˆà ´ÝÅ®…Õ®‡ ±‡£Å-Pˆ-Áãí¨‡á ‘ÓÝ-Ê‡â-W‡Ù‡ ÊÝÂ±ÝÄ ®ˆã¸ˆÇ… Ó‡ñ‡¤’ GíŸ Í‡Å¨Ýœíg-È-
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1901Äí¨‡ ®ˆã¸ˆÇ… ±‡Å£-ÐÝu-®‡Ê‡â Ã‡ÓÝ-¿á-®‡-ÍÝÓ‡÷, »èñ‡ÍÝÓ‡÷, Êˆç¨‡Â-Qà¿á PˆÒàñ‡Å, ÓÝ×ñ‡ÂÊˆà A‰Æ¨ˆ ËÍ‡Ì-ÍÝí£Wˆ Ó‡íŸí˜-Ô¨‡ a‡oá-Ê‡-q-Pˆ-W‡-Ù‡‰È -
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Ó‡¾Ã‡-OÝ¥‡ì ±‡ÅÍ‡-Ô¤’ G®‡°-ÇÝ-W‡á-ñ‡¤¨ˆ. C¨‡P‡ãR ®ˆã¸ˆÇ… ±‡ÅÍ‡-Ô¤Wˆ CÃ‡á-Ê‡Ðˆrà ÖˆW‡Y-ÚPˆ C¨ˆ. ®ˆã¸ˆÇ… ÍÝí£ ±‡ÅÍ‡-Ô¤-¿á®‡á° Ê‡Þñ‡Å ®ÝÊˆì ¨ˆàÍ‡-¨‡ KÓˆãÉ ®‡W‡-Ã‡-¨‡‰È ¯àv‡á-Ê‡â¨‡á BÃ‡í»‡-©í¨‡Æã ®‡vˆ-¨‡á-Ÿí¨‡ Ó‡í±‡Å-¨Ý¿á. D G‰ÇÝ ±‡ÅÍ‡-Ô¤-W‡-Ù‡®‡á° ®ˆã¸ˆÇ… ¯«‡-®‡-ÃÝ¨‡ wÓˆíŸÃ… 10Ã‡í¨ˆà ±‡Å¨Ý®‡ Ê‡Þv‡-ÇÝ-W‡á-ñ‡¤¨ˆ. P‡Ùˆ¨‡ (2007) wÓˆíŸÃ… 10Ã‡í¨‡á »ÝÃ‡-ñ‡¨‡ BÃ….Pˆ.-±‡-aèÄ AÊ‡Ã‡á AÊˆá-Ä-PÝ¨‡ E±Ý-«‡ÂP‡Ò AÇ…-WˆãàÃˆÁãí©Wˆ ÍÝí£ ±‡ÅÍ‡-Ô¤-¿á®‡á° ÔÌàP‡-Ä-Ô-¨‡Ã‡á. hÝW‡-£P‡ ñÝ±‡-Ê‡Þ-®‡PˆR Ó‡íŸí˜-Ô-¨‡íñˆ g®‡Ã‡‰È AÄÊ‡â Ê‡áãw-Ó‡áÊ‡ PˆçíP‡-¿áìPÝRX ±‡aèÄ D ±‡ÅÍ‡Ô¤ ±‡vˆ-©-Ü¨ÝÃˆ.
DÊ‡-ÃˆWˆ »ÝÃ‡-ñ‡¨‡ Ã‡Ëàí¨‡Å-®Ý¥‡ sÝWˆãàÃ… (1907, ÓÝ×ñ‡Â), Ô.Ë.-ÃÝ-Ê‡á®… (1930, »èñ‡-ÍÝÓ‡÷), Ö‡Ã‡-Wˆãà-Ëí¨‡ PˆãÃÝ®‡ (1968, Êˆç¨‡Â-Qà¿á), BÇˆºà-¯¿Þ Ê‡áãÆ¨‡ ‘»Ý-Ã‡-£à¿á-’-ÃÝ¨‡ Ê‡á¨‡Ã… ¥ˆÃˆÓÝ (1979, ÍÝí£), GÓ….-a‡í¨‡ÅÍˆà-SÃ… (1983, »èñ‡-ÍÝÓ‡÷) Ê‡áñ‡á¤ AÊ‡á-ñ‡Âì-Óˆ®… (1998, A¥‡ì-ÍÝÓ‡÷) AÊ‡-Ã‡á ®ˆã¸ˆÇ… ±‡ÅÍ‡Ô¤ ±‡vˆ¨‡ ×Ä-ÊˆáWˆ ±Ýñ‡Å-ÃÝ-X-Ü¨ÝÃˆ.